These free, down-loadable pdf files have been compiled by the CAFE Foundation for use by those who are serious about advancing PAV technology. In general, these papers are professional grade, graduate level material. Many are from the archive of NACA and NASA, including NASA's PAV Sector. View the NASA Technical Report server.
It is expected that this library will be particularly useful to teams competing in the NASA PAV Challenge. Please also visit the CAFE flight test archive.
High Lift
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| # |
Title |
Author |
Year |
Description |
Size |
| 1 |
"Flight Test Results for an Advanced Technology Light Airplane" |
David L. Kohlman |
1977 |
"From the Journal of Aircraft, an impressive set of performance gains found by applying multiple high lift and drag reducing technologies to a Cessna Cardinal. Included LE Kruger flaps and spoilers for roll control." |
1MB |
| 2 |
"Development of Pneumatic Channel Wing Powered-lift Advanced Super-STOL Aircraft" |
Robert J. Englar et al |
2002 |
From AIAA's Aerodynamics Conference in St. Louis. A recent paper on the amazing high CL capability of the ChannelWing and its promise as a method for super STOL performance. |
724KB |
| 3 |
"Pneumatic Channel Wing Powered-lift Advanced Super-STOL Aircraft" |
Robert J. Englar et al |
2002 |
From AIAA's 1st Flow Control Conference in St. Louis. More details on the ChannelWing's promise of high lift performance. |
720 KB |
| 4 |
"The Aerodynamic Design of Multi-element High-lift Systems for Transport Airplanes" |
C.P. van Dam |
2002 |
"A thorough review of multi-element high lift devices with lots of detailed drawings that show mechanisms and proportions. Though primarily presenting flaps systems on airliners, still very valuable for smaller air vehicle application." |
2MB |
| 5 |
"Investigation of the Lift Distribution Over the Separate Wings of a Biplane" |
D. Kuchemann |
1938 |
"41 pages of theory and measurement of bi-plane lift interactions, with excellent graphics. Remarkably sophisticated for 1938." |
2MB |
| 6 |
"Wind-tunnel Investigation of an NACA-23012 Airfoil with Several Arrangements of Slotted Flaps with Extended Lips" |
John G. Lowry |
1941 |
A look at optimizing Fowler Flap design. |
1MB |
| 7 |
"Two-dimensional, Wind-tunnel Investigation of the NACA 641-012 Airfoil Equipped with Two Types of Leading-edge Flap" |
"Felicien F. Fullmer, Jr." |
1947 |
Leading edge flaps and their benefits. A 10% chord LE flap gave as much as 0.43 higher CLmax. |
1MB |
| 8 |
"Langley Full-scale-tunnel Tests of the Custer Channel Wing Airplane" |
Jerome Pasamanick |
1953 |
"The full-scale tunnel test of the Custer ChannelWing at Langley. Tested at 25-40 mph, the aircraft showed promise for STOL high-lift, but showed problematic lack of control and trim authority at zero airspeed. 58 pages." |
12.6MB |
| 9 |
"Exploratory Investigation of the Effectiveness of Biplane Wings with Large -chord Double Slotted Flaps in Redirecting a Propeller Slipstream Downward for Vertical Take-off" |
Robert H. Kirby |
1956 |
A large chord double slotted flap system on a biplane used to turn propeller thrust 90° down. |
828KB |
| 10 |
"Investigation of Effectiveness of a Wing Equipped with a 50-percent-chord Sliding Flap, a 30-percent-chord Slotted Flap, and a 30-percent Chord Slat in Deflecting Propeller Slipstreams Downward For Vertical Take-off" |
Richard E. Kuhn |
1957 |
Using propeller slipstream over elaborate slotted flaps to increase CL for STOL performance. |
1.4MB |
| 11 |
"Tests of the NACA 641A212 -Airfoil Section With a Slat, a Double Slotted Flap, and Boundary Layer Control by Suction" |
"John H. Quinn, Jr." |
1947 |
"Flaps, LE slot and suction to enhance Clmax up to 3.86!!" |
1.9MB |
| 12 |
"A Low Speed Two-dimensional Study of Flow Separation on the GA(W)-1 Airfoil With 30-percent Chord Fowler Flap" |
H.C. Seetbaram et al |
1977 |
76 pages on ideal Fowler flap gap geometry for a low speed GA wing. |
3.2MB |
| 13 |
"Experimental and Computational Investigation of Lift-Enhancing Tabs on a Multi-Element Airfoil" |
Dale L. Ashby |
1996 |
"158 pages on vortex generators, tabs and wedges as flow control on high lift devices. Excellent illustrations." |
10MB |
| 14 |
"CFL3D: Its History and Some Recent Applications" |
Christopher L. Rumsey et al |
1997 |
A 1997 view of the evolution of Computerized Fluid Dynamics and its uses. Extensive bibliography. |
504KB |
| 15 |
"Mechanical Design of High Lift Systems for High Aspect Ratio Swept Wings" |
Peter K. C. Rudolph |
1998 |
A 118 page report on the mechanical linkages used by major airliners on their flap systems. Includes comparative performance information and detailed diagrams of sophisticated flap system mechanicals. |
4MB |
| 16 |
"A Simplified Flight-test Method for Determining Aircraft Takeoff Performance that Includes Effects of Pilot Technique" |
Terry J. Larson |
1974 |
A detailed look at the considerations in testing takeoff distance performance. All the math. |
2.9MB |
| 17 |
"Increasing Stability With Lower Approach Speeds" |
John Libby |
2007 |
A patented method of enhancing lateral control and CL at the same time by using slotted ailerons that also act as flaperons. |
1MB |
| 18 |
"The Model T
Concept PAV" |
CAFE Foundation |
2008 |
This paper presents a concept for an advanced Personal Air Vehicle (PAV) design that might be capable of winning
the NASA General Aviation Technology Challenge. |
2.7MB |
| 19 |
"High-Lift Aerodynamics" |
W.H. Mason |
2007 |
W.H. Mason's excellent 22 page paper on High Lift Devices. |
707KB |
Noise Reduction
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| # |
Title |
Author |
Year |
Description |
Size |
| 1 |
"A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Propeller Performance Methodologies" |
K. D. Korkan et al |
1980 |
"From AIAA/SAE/ASME. 22 pages on NASA's mathematical prediction of propeller performance compared to actual measured performance, examining the most prevalent blade sections." |
2.7MB |
| 2 |
"An Acoustic Sensitivity Study of General Aviation Propellers" |
K.D. Korkan et al |
1980 |
A 32 page noise study that examines several methods of reducing prop noise on Cessna aircraft. Good empirical results using metal propellers. Shows the effectiveness of reducing RPM and increasing number of blades. |
2MB |
| 3 |
"Noise Control Predictions for High-speed, Propeller-Driven Aircraft" |
J. F. Wilby et al |
1980 |
"Finds that a double wall cabin structure can effectively reduce noise, with some weight penalty." |
1.3MB |
| 4 |
"Noise from a Vibrating Propeller" |
H. L. Runyan |
1980 |
An important paper exams the noise contribution of 'tuning fork' action of propeller blades. Engine smoothness is a key factor in propeller noise. |
748KB |
| 5 |
"Effects of Acoustic Treatment on the Interior Noise Levels of a Twin-Engine Propeller Aircraft--Experimental Flight Results and Theoretical Predictions" |
T. B. Beyer |
1984 |
Looks at passive noise reducing methods for the cabin of a turbo-prop twin. Many methods are explored. |
828KB |
| 6 |
"Noise Control Characteristics of Synchrophasing - An Experimental Investigation" |
J. D. Jones |
1984 |
Synchrophasing the blade positions of propellers on twin engine aircraft was shown to substantially reduce cabin noise. |
532KB |
| 7 |
"Noise Control Characteristics of Synchrophasing - An Analytical Investigation" |
C. R. Fuller |
1984 |
High-speed turbo-prop aircraft need synchrophasing to quiet the cabin. This study examines the effects obtained. |
476KB |
| 8 |
"Effects of Acoustic Treatment on the Interior Noise of a Twin-Engine Propeller Airplane" |
T.B. Beyer |
1984 |
Exams the noise reduction due to placing interior trim panels in a turboprop twin. |
684KB |
| 9 |
"Noise Control Characteristics of Synchrophasing, Part 1: Analytical Investigation" |
C.R. Fuller |
1986 |
Synchrophasing on a high-speed turbo-prop. Up to 8 dB of quieting. |
764KB |
| 10 |
"Noise Control Characteristics of Synchrophasing--Part 2: Experimental Investigation" |
James D. Jones et al |
1986 |
"Showed 10-34 dB of quieting, depending on location in cabin and frequency band." |
1.4MB |
| 11 |
"A Numerical Method for the Design and Analysis of Counter-Rotating Propellers" |
S. C. Playle et al |
1986 |
Counter-rotating propellers are numerically analyzed regarding their flow fields and thrust. |
2.3MB |
| 12 |
"Validation of an Interior Noise Prediction Model for a Composite Cylinder" |
T.B. Beyer |
1987 |
A composite cylinder is used to measure fuselage noise patterns from several sources. |
484KB |
| 13 |
"Noise Reduction of a Composite Cylinder Subjected to Random Acoustic Excitation" |
F. Grosveld et al |
1989 |
A composite cylinder's interior noise is measured after adding double wall sound-proofing. |
1.3MB |
| 14 |
"An Acoustic Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Single Disc Propellers" |
E. A. Bumann et al |
1989 |
"2, 3 and 4 blade props studied by a theoretical formula to predict noise. (Succi's)" |
738KB |
| 15 |
"Determination of Near and Far Field Acoustics for Advanced Propeller Configurations" |
K.D. Korkan et al |
1989 |
"More theory on propfan noise, with discussion of blade flex as an impediment to predictions. Looks at both near and far measurement." |
1.1MB |
| 16 |
"Noise Transmission of a Large Scale Composite Fuselage Model" |
T. Beyer et al |
1990 |
Examines the noise absorption/transmission properties of a mock composite fuselage. |
1.3MB |
| 17 |
"High-Speed Propeller Noise Prediction—A Multidisciplinary Approach" |
Mark H. Dunn and Feri Farassat |
1992 |
Noise prediction theory for high speed propellers by the great Feri Farrassat at NASA. Includes discussion of blade deformation as a noise source. |
1.6MB |
| 18 |
"Small Aircraft Propeller Noise with Ducted Propeller" |
R. Duane Oleson et al |
1998 |
A ducted propeller noise study indicates that inflow disturbance adds significantly to noise. Paves the way to noise study of ducted propellers. |
1.5MB |
| 19 |
"Advanced Turboprop Noise Prediction Based on Recent Theoretical Results" |
F. Farassat et al |
1987 |
Computer mathematical analysis of advanced high-speed turbo-propeller noise and performance. |
1.3MB |
| 20 |
"The Problem of Noise Reduction with Reference to Light Airplanes" |
Theodore Theodorsen |
1946 |
"An early paper by the great Theodorsen examines general aviation prop noise and specifically urges use of multiple blades to quiet them. Applies the Gutin Formula, an early predictor of prop noise." |
1.0MB |
| 21 |
"Comparison of Sound Emission from Two-blade, Four-blade, and Seven-blade Propellers" |
Chester W. Hicks et al |
1947 |
An early look at the noise reducing effect of lowered propeller tip speeds and use of multiple blades. Note: blades used had too much tip chord by today's math. |
1.6MB |
| 22 |
"Propeller Loudness Charts for Light Airplanes" |
Harvey H. Hubbard et al |
1947 |
A nice collection of charts plotting noise v. RPM and other parameters of GA props. |
2.1MB |
| 23 |
"Sound-level Measurements of a Light Airplane Modified to Reduce Noise Reaching the Ground" |
A.. W. Vogeley |
1948 |
"Noise tests of 150-200 BHP engines and props including a large diameter, slow-turning 5 blade indicated that takeoff thrust suffers as blade number goes up unless a geared engine is used to allow slow-turning props of larger diameter." |
616KB |
| 24 |
"Experiments in External Noise Reduction of Light Airplanes" |
Leo L. Beranek et al |
1950 |
"122 pages on the several ways to reduce noise from a single engine piston aircraft, including multi-blade propellers, RPM reducers and engine mufflers." |
4.5MB |
| 25 |
"Experiments to Determine Neighborhood Reactions to Light Airplanes With and Without External Noise Reduction" |
Fred S. Elwell |
1952 |
An elaborate survey study showing that reducing aircraft noise substantially improves neighborhood acceptance of GA. |
5MB |
| 26 |
"A Theoretical Study of the Effect of Forward Speed on the Free -space Sound-pressure Field Around Propellers" |
I. E. Garrick et al |
1953 |
The sound pressure fields calculated around a prop and their sources. Discusses flow separation on the blade as a noise source and uses extensive mathematical analysis. |
2.4MB |
| 27 |
"A Method for Calculation of Free-space Sound Pressures Near a Propeller in Flight Including Considerations of the Chord-wise Blade Loading" |
Charles E. Watkins et al |
1956 |
An elaborate study of the mathematical model of prop noise. |
2.7MB |
| 28 |
"Measurements of Free-space Oscillating Pressures Near Propellers at Flight Mach Numbers to 0.72" |
Max C. Kurbjun et al |
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Noise measurements of a P51 prop show that tapered tips were quieter and that noise rose rapidly as the blade tip speed exceeded 0.5 Mach. |
808KB |
| 29 |
"A Review of Aerodynamic Noise From Propellers, Rotors, and Lift Fans" |
Jack E. Marte et al |
1970 |
"An extensive review of noise calculation methods for props, fans and heli-rotors, includes a huge bibliography on V/STOL. 58 pages in all" |
3.9MB |
| 30 |
"Advanced General Aviation Propeller Study" |
Rose Worobel et al |
1971 |
"204 pages of extensive material on GA prop design, including the full computer program code for designing the prop." |
14.9MB |
| 31 |
"Computer Program User’s Manual For Advanced General Aviation Propeller Study" |
Rose Worobel |
1972 |
"74 pages of User Manual for the Fortran program on propeller design for GA, whose code listing is included here. Developed by Hamilton Standard." |
2.4MB |
| 32 |
"Aeroacoustic Wind-Tunnel Tests of a Light Twin-Boom General-Aviation Airplane With Free or Shrouded-Pusher Propellers" |
H. Clyde McLemore et al |
1980 |
"87 pages on the full scale wind tunnel testing of a Cessna 337 for prop noise using 2, 3 and 5 blade metal props, with duct shrouds. The non-ducted propeller was quieter than the shrouded one." |
4MB |
| 33 |
"On the Design and Test of a Low Noise Propeller" |
George P. Succi |
1981 |
"The M.I.T. low noise propeller design is studied and compared to conventional props. An early attempt at proper span-wise blade lift distribution, but without the full flow field slow-down math of Jack Norris." |
1.1MB |
| 34 |
"Experimental Study of the Effects of Installation on Single- and Counter-Rotation Propeller Noise" |
P. J. W. Block |
1986 |
A beautiful color 33 page study of the flow fields and noise patterns of counter-rotating propellers. |
18MB |
| 35 |
"Prediction of Helicopter Rotor Discrete Frequency Noise" |
Kenneth S. Brentner |
1986 |
A computer program named WOPWOP by the great Feri Farassat for predicting heli-rotor blade noise. |
1MB |
| 36 |
"An Experimental Investigation of the Interior Noise Control Effects of Propeller Synchrophasing" |
J.D. Jones |
1986 |
Virginia Tech examines fuselage quieting by prop synchrophasing. |
2.5MB |
| 37 |
"Propfan Test Assessment Propfan Propulsion System Static Test Report" |
|
1987 |
A 237 page report on large propfan noise measurement. |
7.6MB |
| 38 |
"Aircraft Interior Noise Reduction by Alternate Resonance Tuning Progress Report for the period ending June, 1990" |
Dr. Donald B. Bliss et al |
1990 |
"A 41 page study of Alternate Resonance Tuning, alteration of fuselage structure to alter its resonance with sound sources and quiet noise." |
1.1MB |
| 39 |
"The Radiation of Sound from a Propeller at Angle of Attack" |
Ramani Mani |
1990 |
"A study of the radically altered sound propagation from a propeller operating in a non-axis-symmetric flow, as in a positive angle of attack. A valuable 56 page glimpse of the real-world flow streams in which props operate." |
1.4MB |
| 40 |
"Computational Methods in the Prediction of Advanced Subsonic and Supersonic Propeller Induced Noise--ASSPIN Users' Manual" |
M.H. Dunn et al |
1992 |
The Farassat ASSPIN program for predicting high-speed propeller noise. A pivotal 48 page paper in noise theory. |
2.3MB |
| 41 |
"An Assessment of Propeller Aircraft Noise Reduction Technology" |
F. Bruce Metzger |
1995 |
128 pages of comprehensive review of the many ways of quieting propeller noise. This is a key paper. Many of the promising methods of noise reduction described herein have not yet been converged into one super quiet prop. |
5.8MB |
| 42 |
"General Aviation Interior Noise: Part III Noise Control Measure Evaluation" |
James F. Unruh |
2002 |
60 pages of excellent material on the many contributors to cabin noise and how to quiet them. |
4.7MB |
| 43 |
"The Noise of a Forward Swept Fan" |
James H. Dittmar et al |
2003 |
A multi-blade turbine engine forward swept fan blade shows promise as being quieter. |
8.5MB |
| 44 |
"Derivation of Formulations 1 and 1A of Farassat" |
F. Farassat |
2007 |
"Dr. Farassat's definitive prop noise formulae, derived. Elegant current math in 25 pages." |
616KB |
| 45 |
"Advanced Turboprop Noise Prediction Based on Recent Theoretical Results" |
F. Farassat et al |
1987 |
Advanced turbo-prop noise prediction. |
1.3MB |
| 46 |
"Noise Reduction System for General Aviation Aircraft, Phase II" |
Sangvavann Heng et al |
2005 |
"A key current paper on GA muffler design, with the promise of a new foam material for silencing higher frequencies. The Ultramet muffler shows great promise for GA piston aircraft. This is the most substantial paper on silencing GA engine noise: 238 pages." |
22.4MB |
| 47 |
"Active Attenuation of Propeller Blade Passage Noise" |
J. M. Zalas et al |
1984 |
ANR in a fuselage of a turbo-prop. |
2.5MB |
| 48 |
"Environmental Noise Measurement" |
Brüel & Kjær |
|
A primer on environmental noise. |
628KB |
| 49 |
"Basic Concept of Sound" |
Brüel & Kjær |
1998 |
Basic concepts of sound and its measurement in 32 pages. |
740KB |
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